What is the difference between convergence time in routing protocols?

Convergence is the time it takes for all routers in a network to have a consistent, accurate view of the network topology after a change (link failure, router failure, new route). Fast convergence minimizes downtime. Comparison: RIP: slowest — periodic updates every 30 seconds, holddown timers add 180+ seconds — can take minutes to converge. OSPF: fast — hello interval (10s) detects failures; SPF recalculation completes in milliseconds; converges in seconds. Tuning hello/dead intervals reduces detection time. EIGRP: very fast — maintains feasible successor routes for instant failover without recalculation; reconvergence in milliseconds for pre-calculated backup paths. BGP: slowest by design — minutes — to allow routing policy to propagate globally. BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection) detects link failures in milliseconds and notifies routing protocols, dramatically improving convergence regardless of the routing protocol used. In data centers, BFD combined with OSPF or BGP achieves sub-second convergence.